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小议定语从句易犯之错误
欧阳卫庭
摘要：定语从句是高中英语的重点，也是历年来高考的热点。但是，由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误。弄清楚错误所在，对学好定语从句有很大的帮助。
关键词：定语从句 易错误
定语从句是高一、高二语法的重点与难点，也是整个高中英语的重点，它同时还是历年来高考的热点，仅"3+综合"NMET
2001单项填空中直接考定语从句的题就有2道，占该题型的13%。但是，由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在学习和运用过程中往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下十种：
一、在定语从句中加了多余的代词。如：
1．误：Some of the boys I invited them didn't come．
正：Some of the boys I invited didn't come．
译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。
析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom，
who或that。
2．误：The book that you need it is in the library．
正：The book that you need is in the library．
译：你需要的书在图书馆里。
析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。
二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如：
1．误：Anyone who break the law will be punished．
正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished．
译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。
析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。
2．误：Those who wants to see the film may go to the office of
the Students'Union．
正：Those who want to see the film may go to the office of the
Students'Union ．
译：想去看这部电影的人可到学生会办公室取票。
析：应改wants为want，因为who指those，是复数。
3．误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our
school．
正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our
school．
译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。
析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the
only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。
4．误：This is one of the rooms that is free now．
正：This is one of the rooms that are free now．
译：这是目前空着的房间之一。
析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the
rooms，而不是单数one。
三、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。如：
1．误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
正：Children who／that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
译：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。 析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。
2．误：The key opens the bike is missing．
正：The key that／which opens the bike is missing．
译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。
析：应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。
四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如：
1．误：The house where he lives in needs repairing．
正：The house where he lives needs repairing．
或：The house he in which lives needs repairing．
译：他住的房子需要修理。
析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in
which，否则介词in就重复了。
2．误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing．
正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．
或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing．
译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。
析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。
五、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。
1.误：We'll never forget the day when we spent together．
正：We'll never forget the day that／which we spent together．
译：我们永远不会忘记我们在一起度过的日子。
析：应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。
2．误：This is the house where we lived in last year．
正：This is the house which／that we lived in last year．
译：这是我们去年住过的那个房子。
析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。
六、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如：
1．误：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her
absence？
正：Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her
absence？
译：你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？
析：应改why为that或which，因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。
2．误：I don't believe the reason why he has given for his being
late．
正：I don't believe the reason that／which he has given for his
being late．
译：我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。
析：应改why为that或which，因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语，而不是少原因状语
。
七、误将强调句型当定语从句。如：
1．误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out．
正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out．
译：大火发生在厨房。
析：应将where改that，因为原句还原为The fire broke out
in the kitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。
2．误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn't come？
正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn't come？
译：你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？
析：应将when改为that，因为，原句还原为Because it
snowed last night， you didn't come后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。
八、误将非限制性定语从句中修饰整个句子的关系代词看作只修饰从句前的名词或短语。如：
误：She was very patient to the children, who her husband seldom
was.
正：She was very patient to the children, which her husband seldom
was.
译：她对孩子很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。
析：先行词是前面的She was very patient to the children而非the
children，应用which。
误：They used to live in this small village, where surprised me.
正：They used to live in this small village, which surprised me.
译：他们过去住在这个小村子，这令我感到惊讶。
析：先行词是前面的They used to live in this small village而非in
this small village ，应用which。
九、误将动词短语中的介词前置。如：
误：The day to which we are looking forward will come.
正：The day which/that we are looking forward to will come.
译：我们一直盼望的那一天将来临。
析：从句中的谓语look forward to是固定词组，介词to不能提前。
十、误将主语当作先行词。如：
1．误：Is this factory which you visited yesterday?
正：Is this factory the one (that) you visited yesterday?
译：这是你昨天参观的那家工厂吗？
析：this factory是主句的主语而非先行词，应加上先行词the
one代替this factory。
2.误：Is this teacher who the headmaster talked to?
正：Is this teacher the one (that/who) the headmaster talked to?
译：这是你昨天参观的那家工厂吗？
析：this teacher是主句的主语而非先行词，应加上先行词the
one代替this teacher。
要避免以上的错误，一要靠平时多积累典型例子，二要靠做题时善于观察和仔细分析，不要想当然。只要坚持这样做，就一定能够把定语从句学好，从而在考试中避免不必要的失分。
参考资料：
《学生学习方法与学科难点指导全书（下）》，吴微，人民中国出版社。
《实用英语语法》张道真，外语教学与研究出版社
2、《班主任之友》
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